Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Occupational PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ Exposure Among Workers in Home-Based Sanitary Ware Industries in Karangbesuki, Malang City

Abstract

Introduction: Home sanitary industries produce particulate matter, posing occupational health risks. Objective: To assess environmental health risks of  and  exposure among 27 sanitary workers in Karangbesuki Village, Malang City using the ARKL approach. Methods: Direct air sampling for  and  concentrations and structured questionnaires for individual exposure parameters were collected to calculate intake and Risk Quotient (RQ). Results and Discussion: Average  and  concentrations ranged from , exceeding ambient standards. Individual intakes were  () and  (). Risk characterization revealed  for  of workers () for  and  () for . Additionally,  were smokers and  did not use respiratory PPE. Conclusion: Most workers face potential non-carcinogenic health risks, requiring urgent exposure controls and PPE compliance