Obesity, Physical Activity, Smoking, and Hypertension among Adult Primary-Care Outpatients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Hypertension is a public health problem influenced by modifiable factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking. Objective: This study examined the associations of obesity, physical activity, and smoking habits with hypertension among outpatients at Pulo Armyn Community Health Center from October to December 2025. Method: This analytical observational study used a cross-sectional design and secondary medical record data. A total of 368 adults were selected through simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, the chi-square test, and Cramer’s coefficient. Result and Discussion: Among 368 respondents, 51 (13.9 percent) had hypertension, 161 (43.8 percent) had obesity, 53 (14.4 percent) had insufficient physical activity, and 142 (38.6 percent) smoked. Obesity was significantly associated with hypertension, with a chi-square value of 14.9 and a probability value below 0.001. The association was weak, with a Cramer’s coefficient of 0.201. Physical activity and smoking were not significantly associated with hypertension, with probability values of 0.778 and 0.406, respectively. These findings identify obesity as the most relevant modifiable factor. Conclusions: Obesity was significantly associated with hypertension, whereas physical activity and smoking habits were not. Weight-control interventions should become a priority in primary health care